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Cowboy - Wikipedia. Cowboys portrayed in western art. The Herd Quitter by C. M. Russell. A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch- related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 1. Mexico and became a figure of special significance and legend. In addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in rodeos.
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Cowgirls, first defined as such in the late 1. Over the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattle- handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling.
As the ever- practical cowboy adapted to the modern world, the cowboy's equipment and techniques also adapted to some degree, though many classic traditions are still preserved today. Etymology and mainstream usage.
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It was derived from vaca, meaning . Another English word for a cowboy, buckaroo, is an anglicization of vaquero. Variations on the word . Originally, the English word . In the United States, a few women also took on the tasks of ranching and learned the necessary skills, though the .
On western ranches today, the working cowboy is usually an adult. Responsibility for herding cattle or other livestock is no longer considered a job suitable for children or early adolescents. However, both boys and girls growing up in a ranch environment often learn to ride horses and perform basic ranch skills as soon as they are physically able, usually under adult supervision. Such youths, by their late teens, are often given responsibilities for .
Claudius Smith, an outlaw identified with the Loyalist cause, was referred to as the . These groups were made up of local farmhands who would ambush convoys and carry out raids on both sides. There were two separate groups: the . Cattlemen were generally called herders or ranchers. Corral and the resulting Earp Vendetta Ride. This style of cattle ranching spread throughout much of the Iberian peninsula and later, was imported to the Americas. Both regions possessed a dry climate with sparse grass, and thus large herds of cattle required vast amounts of land in order to obtain sufficient forage.
The need to cover distances greater than a person on foot could manage gave rise to the development of the horseback- mounted vaquero. Spanish roots. Various aspects of the Spanish equestrian tradition can be traced back to Islamic rule in Spain, including Moorish elements such as the use of Oriental- type horses, the la jineta riding style characterized by a shorter stirrup, solid- treed saddle and use of spurs. In turn, the land and people of the Americas also saw dramatic changes due to Spanish influence. The arrival of horses was particularly significant, as equines had been extinct in the Americas since the end of the prehistoric ice age.
However, horses quickly multiplied in America and became crucial to the success of the Spanish and later settlers from other nations. The earliest horses were originally of Andalusian, Barb and Arabian ancestry. The Mustang and other colonial horse breeds are now called .
While most hacendados (ranch owners) were ethnically Spanishcriollos. In 1. 59. 8, Don Juan de O. From this beginning, vaqueros of mestizo heritage drove cattle from New Mexico and later Texas to Mexico City. Before the Mexican- American War in 1. New England merchants who traveled by ship to California encountered both hacendados and vaqueros, trading manufactured goods for the hides and tallow produced from vast cattle ranches. American traders along what later became known as the Santa Fe Trail had similar contacts with vaquero life.
Starting with these early encounters, the lifestyle and language of the vaquero began a transformation which merged with English cultural traditions and produced what became known in American culture as the . However, in slightly different ways, both areas contributed to the evolution of the iconic American cowboy. Particularly with the arrival of railroads and an increased demand for beef in the wake of the American Civil War, older traditions combined with the need to drive cattle from the ranches where they were raised to the nearest railheads, often hundreds of miles away. Thus many ranchers expanded into the northwest, where there were still large tracts of unsettled grassland. Texas cattle were herded north, into the Rocky Mountain west and the Dakotas.
They caught the Mustangs that roamed the Great Plains and the San Joaquin Valley of California, and later in the Great Basin, from the 1. In many cases, different ranchers formed .
In order to determine the ownership of individual animals, they were marked with a distinctive brand, applied with a hot iron, usually while the cattle were still young calves. Individuals who separated cattle from the herd required the highest level of skill and rode specially trained . Occasionally it was also necessary to restrain older cattle for branding or other treatment. A large number of horses were needed for a roundup. Each cowboy would require three to four fresh horses in the course of a day's work.
It was common practice in the west for young foals to be born of tame mares, but allowed to grow up . Both types were rounded up, and the mature animals tamed, a process called horse breaking, or . However, other cowboys became aware of the need to treat animals in a more humane fashion and modified their horse training methods.
There was also a limited market for hides, horns, hooves, and tallow in assorted manufacturing processes. With the expansion of the meat packing industry, the demand for beef increased significantly. By 1. 86. 6, cattle could be sold to northern markets for as much as $4. Texas, to be herded long distances to market.
However, farmers in eastern Kansas, afraid that Longhorns would transmit cattle fever to local animals as well as trample crops, formed groups that threatened to beat or shoot cattlemen found on their lands. Therefore, the 1. It ran through present- day Oklahoma, which then was Indian Territory. Later, other trails forked off to different railheads, including those at Dodge City and Wichita, Kansas. While cattle could be driven as far as 2. Usually they were taken shorter distances each day, allowed periods to rest and graze both at midday and at night.
Such a pace meant that it would take as long as two months to travel from a home ranch to a railhead. The Chisholm trail, for example, was 1,0. To herd the cattle, a crew of at least 1. Cowboys worked in shifts to watch the cattle 2.
The crew also included a cook, who drove a chuck wagon, usually pulled by oxen, and a horse wrangler to take charge of the remuda, or herd of spare horses. The wrangler on a cattle drive was often a very young cowboy or one of lower social status, but the cook was a particularly well- respected member of the crew, as not only was he in charge of the food, he also was in charge of medical supplies and had a working knowledge of practical medicine. Overgrazing and harsh winters were factors that brought an end to the age of the Open Range. Barbed wire, an innovation of the 1. In Texas and surrounding areas, increased population required ranchers to fence off their individual lands.
Hence, the age of the open range was gone and large cattle drives were over. Meanwhile, ranches multiplied all over the developing West, keeping cowboy employment high, if still low- paid, but also somewhat more settled. American cowboys were drawn from multiple sources. By the late 1. 86. American Civil War and the expansion of the cattle industry, former soldiers from both the Union and Confederacy came west, seeking work, as did large numbers of restless white men in general. Today, some Native Americans in the western United States own cattle and small ranches, and many are still employed as cowboys, especially on ranches located near Indian Reservations. One writer states that cowboys were .
Similarly, cowboys of Mexican descent also averaged about 1. Texas and the southwest. Other estimates suggest that in the late 1. Mexican vaquero, and 2. African- American. The average cowboy earned approximately a dollar a day, plus food, and, when near the home ranch, a bed in the bunkhouse, usually a barracks- like building with a single open room. Such hazardous work in isolated conditions also bred a tradition of self- dependence and individualism, with great value put on personal honesty, exemplified in songs and poetry.
Though anti- sodomy laws were common in the Old West, they often were only selectively enforced. In some cases, the cowboy and the violent gunslinger are often associated with one another. On the other hand, some actors who portrayed cowboys promoted positive values, such as the .
De. Arment draws a connection between the popularized Western code and the stereotypical rowdy cowboy image to that of the . However most armed conflicts occurred between Native people and cavalry units of the U. S. Relations between cowboys and Native people were varied but generally not particularly friendly. In the 1. 86. 0s, for example, the Comanche created problems in Western Texas. However, institutions such as the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame have made significant efforts in recent years to gather and document the contributions of women. However women did considerable ranch work, and in some cases (especially when the men went to war or on long cattle drives) ran them. There is little doubt that women, particularly the wives and daughters of men who owned small ranches and could not afford to hire large numbers of outside laborers, worked side by side with men and thus needed to ride horses and be able to perform related tasks.
The largely undocumented contributions of women to the west were acknowledged in law; the western states led the United States in granting women the right to vote, beginning with Wyoming in 1.
